French poet, playwright, and diplomat, whose work shows influence of Roman Catholic mysteries, Thomas Aquinas, and Dante. Among Claudel's best-known works are confessional Five Great Odets (1910) and The Satin Slippers (1929). He was a prominent figure in the whole French Catholic Renaissance of the early part of the twentieth century.

Car à quoi servent les pieds sinon à se joindre à la course qui les
entraine? Et le cour
Sinon à compter le temps et attendre la seconde imminente?
Et la voix, sinon à joindre la voix qui a commencé avant elle?
Et la vie,Sinon à être donnée? et la femme, sinon à être une femme
entre les bras d'un homme?
(from 'Cantique du Rhône')

Paul Claudel was born in Villeneuve-sur-Fère-en-Tardenois, in Aisne, into a family of farmers and gentry. His father, Louis-Prosper, dealt in mortgages and bank transactions. His mother, the former Louise Cerceaux, derived from a Champagne family of Catholic farmers and priests. At the age of 18 Claudel had a revelation, which changed totally his view of the world: during services on Christmas Day in Notre Dame Cathedral, he was suddenly converted to Roman Catholicism at the crest of a spiritual surge. He heard, as in a voice above: "There is a God." In the following years, the Bible became the centre of Claudel's world and his inspiration. Claudel saw, that God is the supreme architect of the world, and God has chosen man in the central place in the drama of the world. Thereafter everything that Claudel did or wrote was based on this large cosmic idea.

"Paul Claudel appears as the most demanding of contemporary poets. To be understood and followed, he requires from his reader a total spiritual submission and attention. It is not only the ornate and complex part of his work which tyrannizes the reader's intelligence, it is above all the harassing and well-night unbearable unity of his books."
(Wallace Fowlie in Clowns and Angels, 1943)

After studies in Paris he joined the diplomatic service in 1898. Two years later he entered the Abbey of Ligugé as an oblate of the Benedictine order. In the early 1900s Claudel had a four-year relationship with a married Polish woman. During this period theme of forbidden love became a notable element in his works.

Claudel married Sainte-Marie Perrin in 1906. He spent as a diplomat the years between 1893 and 1934 mostly outside France, among others in America, China, Italy, Rio de Janeiro, and with the rank of ambassador, Tokyo and Washington (1927-1933), and finally in Brüssels. In 1935 Claudel retired to his château in Brangues (Isêre). While was an opponent of the Nazis, he managed to write a triumphal ode to Pétain in 1940, and then again to De Gaulle in 1944, without being accused of opportunism. In 1947 Claudel was elected to the Académie Française. On May 1, 1950, he was honoured by the Pope, in an unprecedented public ceremony. Claudel died in Paris on February 23, in 1955.

Claudel read in his youth Mallarmé, Virgil, Dante, and Shakespeare. Rejecting the inner contemplation of the modern poet, he turned instead to the Intelligence of all creation. For his verse, Claudel developed a long line, that resembled a cross between Walt Whitman and the King James Bible. Claudel assumed for the poet the godlike prerogative to 'possess, his privilege being to give all things a name.' Or as he wrote in 'La Ville' (1897): "You explain nothing O poet, but thanks to you all things become explicable." Foremost among Claudel's poetic works is his CINQ GRANDES ODES (1910, Five Great Odes), a five-part poem, relating the poet's inspiration and his gift of to describe with words the mystery of the universe.

"He gives me the impression of a solidified cyclone..."
(André Gide on Paul Claudel in Journal, 1905)

Claudel's journalism and literary criticism was framed by his strong religious faith. His attacks on Richard Wagner are often quoted - Claudel admired Wagner's music but he disliked Teutonism and ridiculed the story of Der Ring des Nibelungen. Most of Claudel's criticism deals with French literature, although he also wrote about Chinese poetry and while serving in Tokyo he became acquainted with Japanese literature. Claudel admired Baudelaire, whom he saw as a confessed sinner doing lifelong penance, Rimbaud whom he considered "not a poet, not even a man of letters. He is a prophet on whom the spirit has descended, not as on David, but as on Saul."

As a playwright Claudel made his debut with TÊTE D'OR (1890), which reflected his own religious struggle. The protagonist, Simon Angel, aspires to conquer the earth, but meets at the Caucasus defeat and death. In 1908 he started his trilogy L'OTAGE (1911), LE PAIN DUR (1918), LE PÉRE HUMILIÉ (1920), in which he traced the degeneration of the formerly noble families. LE SOULIER DE SATIN (1930), an epic drama in the Spanish tradition, was about the adventures of Rodrigue and his beloved, Doña Prouhèze. PARTAGE DE MIDI (Break at Noon) was written in 1906, but not performed until 1948. It was based on a passionate episode in Claudel's own life and dealt with the theme of adultery. L'ANNONCE FAITE Á MARIE (1912, The Tidings Brought to Mary) was a 'mystery' set in the fifteenth-century Champagne. It told about two sisters, one dedicated to the flesh and the other to the spirit.

For further reading: Die Kunstanschauung Paul Claudels by H. Dieckmann (1931); Le génie de Paul Claudel by J. Madaule (1933); Le drame de Paul Claudel by J. Madaule (1936); Études Claudéliennes by E. Friche (1943); Clowns and Angels by Wallace Fowlie (1943); Paul Claudel, poète musicien by J. Samson (1948); Introduction to Paul Claudel by M. Ryan (1951); Paul Claudel by L. Barjon (1953); The Poetic Drama of Paul Claudel by J. Chiari (1954); Paul Claudel by W. Fowlie (1957); Paul Claudel by S. Flumet (1958); Claudel plus intime by H. Mondoe (1960); The Inner Stage by R. Berchan (1966); Claudel's Immortal Heroes by H. Watson (1971); Claudel by A. Blanc (1973); Lecture psychanalytique de l'ouvre de Claudel by M. Malicet (1978); Paul Claudel by B.L. Knapp (1982); Beauty and Grace by A. Caranfa (1989); The Art Criticism of Paul Claudel by M.-T. Killiam (1990); The Empty Cross by C.J. Lambert (1990) - EUGÈNE IONESCO: "Claudel may perhaps be the least charitable Christian poet, because the comic characters he puts on the stage are too insignificant for anyone to take pity on." (from Cahiers Paul Claudel (1960, vol H, pp-26-27) - Note: Paul Claudel's sister Camille (1864-1943) became a well-known sculptor. She was the mistress of August Rodin. The break with the famous artist affected her mental stability. From 1913 until her death she was confined to various institutions. - See also: Saint-John Perse, Colette.

• TÊTE D'OR, 1890
• LA VILLE L'ÉCHANGE, 1893 - The City
• CONNAISSANCE DE L'EST, 1900 - The East I Know
• LES REPOS DU SEPTIÈME JOUR, 1901
• L'ÉCHANGE, 1901 - The Exchange
• PARTAGE DE MIDI, 1906 - Break of Noon
• ART POÈTIQUE, 1907 - Poetic Art
• CINQ GRANDES ODES, 1910 - Five Great Odes
• L'OTAGE, 1911 - The Hostage
• LE CHEMIN DE LA CROIX, 1911
• L'ANNONCE FAITE Á MARIE, 1912 - Tidings Brought to Mary
• VERS D'EXIL, 1912
• PROTÉE, 1914 - Proteus
• CORONA BENIGNITATIS ANNI DEI, 1 915 - Coronal
• TROIS POÉMES DE GUERRE, 1915 - Three poems of the War
• LA NUIT DE NOËL 1914, 1915
• L'HOMME ET SON DÉSIR, 1917
• LE PAIN DUR, 1918 - Crusts
• L'OURS ET LA LUNE, 1919
• LA MESSE LÀ BAS, 1919
• INTRODUCTION À QUELQUES OUVRES, 1920
• LE PÉRE HUMILIÉ, 1920 - The Humiliation of the Father
• ODE JUBILAIRE POUR LE SIX CENTIÈME ANNIVERSAIRE DE LA MORT DE DANTE, 1921
• POÈMES DE GUERRE 1914-1916, 1922
• À TRAVERS LES VILLES ENFLAMMES, 1924
• FEUILLES DE SAINTS, 1925
• L'ENDORMIE, 1925
• LE VIEILLARD SUR LE MONT OMI, 1927
• L'OISEAU NOIR DANS LE SOLEIL LEVANT, 1927
• SOUS LE REMPART D'ATHÈNES, 1928
• POSITIONS ET PROPOSITIONS, 1928 - Ways and Crossways
• LE SOULIER DE SATIN, 1929 - The Satin Slipper
• FRAGMENT D'UN DRAME, 1931
• LE LIVRE DE CHRISTOPHE COLOMB, 1933 - The Book of Christopher Columbus
• ÉCOUTE, MA FILLE, 1934
• CONVERSATIONS DANS LE LOIR-E-CHER, 1935
• INTRODUCTION À LA PEINTURE HOLLANDAISE, 1935
• FIGURES ET PARABOLES, 1936
• TOI, QUI ES-TU?, 1936
• LES AVENTURES DE SOPHIE, 1937
• INTRODUCTION AU LIVRE DE RUTH, 1938
• UN POÈTE REGARDE DE CROIX, 1938 - A Poet before the Cross
• JEANNE D'ARC AU BÛCHER, 1939 - Joan of Arc at the Stakes
• L'HISTOIRE DE TOBIE ET DE SARA, 1939
• L'ÉPÉE ET LE MIROIR, 1939
• LA SAGESSE, 1939
• PRÉSENCE ET PROPHÉTIE, 1941
• SEIGNEUR, APPARENZ-NOUS `PRIER, 1942 - Lord, Teach Us to Pray
• DODOITZU, 1945
• POÈMES ET PAROLES DURANT KA GUERRE DE TRENTE ANS, 1945
• LES SEPT PSAUMES DE LA PÉNITENCE, 1945
• LE LIVRE DE JOB, 1946
• INTRODUCTION À L'APOCALYPSE, 1946
• LES RÉVÉLATIONS DE LA SALETTE, 1946
• LA ROSE ET LE ROSAIRE, 1946
• L'OIL ÉCOUTE, 1946 - The Eye Listens
• DISCOURS ET REMERCIEMENTS, 1947
• DU CÔTE DE CHEZ RAMUZ, 1947
• VISAGES RADIEUX, 1947
• SOUS LE SIGNE DU DRAGON, 1948
• PAUL CLAUDEL INTERROGE LE CANTIQUE DES CANTIQUES, 1948
• ACCOMPAGNEMENTS, 1949
• CORRESPONDANCE, 1949
• LA LUNE À LA RECHERCHE D'ELLE-MÊME, 1949
• MÉMOIRES IMPROVISÉS, 1954
• OUVRES COMPLÈTES (1950-59, 20 vols.)
• UNE VOIX SUR ISRAËL, 1951
• L'EVANGILE D'ISAÏE, 1951
• J'AIME LA BIBLE, 1955 - The Essence of the Bible
• THÉÂTRE, 1956 (2 vols.)
• OUVRE POÉTIQUE, 1957
• CORRESPONDANCE PAUL CLAUDEL - DARIUS MILHAUD 1912-1953, 1961