British naturalist, who revolutionized the science of biology by his demonstration of evolution by natural selection. Darwin's ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION, OR THE PRESERVATION OF FAVORED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE OF LIFE, was published on November 24, 1859, and sold out immediately. It was followed by five more editions in his lifetime. The expression "survival of the fittest" did not originate from Darwin's work. Herbert Spencer had already used it in his books about evolutionary philosophy. Though he later described our common ancestor as "a hairy quadruped, furnished with a tail and pointed ears," Darwin did not do so in the famous On the Origin of Species.

"The presence of a body of well-instructed men, who have not to labour for their daily bread, is important to a degree which cannot be overestimated; as all high intellectual work is carried on by them, and on such work material progress of all kinds mainly depends, not to mention other and higher advantages."
(from The Descent of Man, 1871)

Darwin was born in Shrewsbury. His grandfather Erasmus Darwin was a scientist, whose ideas on evolution anticipated later theories. His chief prose work was Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life (1794-1796).

Darwin's mother died when he was eight years old, and he was brought up by his sister. In 1827 he started theology studies at Christ's College, Cambridge. His love to collect plants, insects, and geological specimens was noted by his botany professor John Stevens Henslow. He arranged for his talented student a place as a naturalist on the surveying expedition of HMS Beagle to Patagonia. The voyage took five years from 1831 to 1836. Darwin returned with observations he had made in Tenerife, the Cape Verde Islands, Brazil, the Galapagos Islands, and elsewhere. He had also contracted a tropical illness, which made him a semi-invalid for the rest of his life. By 1846 Darwin had published several works based on the discoveries of the voyage and he became secretary of the Geological Society (1838-41).

From 1842 Darwin lived at Down House, Downe. In 1839 he had married his cousin Emma Wedgwood, and when not devoting himself to scientific studies, he led a life of a country gentleman. In the 1840s Darwin worked on his observations of the origin of species for his own use. He began to conclude, although he was deeply anxious about the direction his mid was taking, that species might share a common ancestor. When Alfred Russel Wallace sent in 1858 to Darwin his study containing the main ideas of the theory of natural selection, Darwin arranged his notes, which were presented to the Linnean Society, on July 1st, 1858. They were read simultaneously with Wallace's paper, but neither Darwin nor Wallace was present on that occasion.

Darwin's great work, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, appeared next year, and was heavily attacked because it did not support the depiction of creation given in the book of Genesis. Before Darwin, the French anatomist and botanist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) had stressed the variations in species, and had given in his books an account of human development that was plainly evolutionary in spirit. Darwin's argument that natural selection - the mechanism of evolution - worked automatically, leaving little or no room for divine guidance or design. All species, he reasoned, produce far too many offspring for them all to survive, and therefore those with favourable variations - owing to chance - are selected. "I am actually weary of telling people that I do not pretend to adduce [direct] evidence of one species changing into another, but I believe that this view is in the main correct, because so many phenomena can thus be grouped end explained."

Darwin's later publications included THE DESCENT OF MAN, AND SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX (1871) and EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS (1872), which showed the similarities between animals and man in the expression of emotions and was the start of the science of ethnology. The remainder of Darwin's books deal with plants. In INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS (1875) he explored how a plant - the sundew - catches, ingests, and digests flies. Darwin's works have had a deep influence also outside the field of natural sciences, and turned the scientific lens inward upon the unexplored dimensions of the human psychology. Freud brought Darwin's study to its logical conclusion in his explorations of the unconscious mind.

"Believing as I do that man in the distant future will be a more perfect creature than he is now, it is an intolerable thought that he and all other sentient beings are doomed to complete annihilation after such long-continued slow progress. To those who freely admit the immortality of the human soul, the destruction of our world will not appear so dreadful."

Darwin's voyage with the Royal Navy's H.M.S. Beagle is recorded in the JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES (1836), which is one of the best travel books ever written. Darwin died in Down, Kent, on April 19, 1882. It is thought that Darwin suffered from Chagas's disease, when bitten by a bug during his scientific studies in South America. This would account for his fainting and other symptoms.

For further reading: Charles Darwin: A Scientific Biography by Gavin de Beer (1958); Autobiography by Charles Darwin (1961); The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Hand list by Richard B. Freeman (1977); The Vital Science: Biology and the Literary Imagination by Peter Morton (1984); Charles Darwin: The Man and His Influence by Peter J. Bowler (1990); Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist by Adrian Desmond and James Moore (1992); Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture by Robert Young (1985); The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written by Martin Seymour-Smith (1998, pp. 349-351)

• LETTERS ON GEOLOGY, 1835
• JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES, 1836
• JOURNAL AND REMARKS, 1832-1836, 1839 (as Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by HMS Beagle, 1839; edited by Gavin de Beer, 1959; as Diary of the Voyage of the Beagle, edited by Nora Barlow, 1933, Millicent E. Selsam, 1959, Leonard Engel, 1962, Richard Darwin Keynes, 1988, and Janet Browne and Michael Neve, 1989)
• ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION, 1859; edited by J.W. Burrow, 1968
• THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION, 1868
• THE DESCENT OF MAN, AND SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX, 1871 (2 vols.)
• EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS, 1872
• INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS, 1875
• THE EFFECTS OF CROSS AND SELF FERTILIZATION IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM, (1876)
• DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS IN PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES, 1877
• THE POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS, 1880
• THE FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD THROUGH THE ACTION OF WORMS, 1881
• THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, 1909 (ed. by Francis Darwin)
• WORKS, 1910 (15 vols.)
• THE DARWIN READER, 1957 (ed. by Marston Bates and Philip S. Humphrey)
• EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION, 1959 (ed. by Bert James Loewenberg)
• DARWIN FOR TODAY, 1963 (ed. by Stanley Edgar Hyman)
• WORKS, 1972 (18 vols.)
• THE WORKS, 1986-89 (29 vols., ed. by Paul H. Barrett and R.B. Freeman)
• THE ESSENTIAL DARWIN, 1987 (ed. by Mark Ridley)
• THE PORTABLE DARWIN, 1993 (ed. by Duncan M. Porter and Petewr W. Graham)
• THE CORRESPONDENCE, 1985-1994 (incomplete)