English novelist and playwright, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1932. Galsworthy became known for his portrayal of the British upper middle class and for his social satire. His most famous work was THE FORSYTE SAGA. Galsworthy was a representative of the literary tradition which has regarded the novel as a lawful instrument of social propaganda. He believed that it was the duty of an artist to state a problem, to throw light upon it, but not to provide a solution. Before starting his career as a writer Galsworthy read widely the works of Kipling, Zola, Turgenev, Tolstoy, and Flaubert.

"He emerged still thinking about the English. Well! They were now one of the plainest and most distorted races of the world; and yet was there any race to compare with them for good temper and for 'guts'? And they needed those in their smoky towns, and their climate - remarkable instance of adaptation to environment, the modern English character! 'I could pick out an Englishman anywhere,' he thought, ' and yet, physically, there's no general type now!' Astounding people!"
(from A Modern Comedy: The White Monkey, 1924)

John Galsworthy was born in Kingston Hill, Surrey, into an upper-middle-class family. His father, John Galsworthy, was a lawyer and director of several companies, and mother, the former Blanche Bartleet, daughter of a Midlands manufacturer. Galsworthy studied law Harrow and New Collage, Oxford, and was called to the bar in 1890. However, he never settled into practice, but chose to travel. In 1893 he met the writer Joseph Conrad while on a South Sea voyage. In a letter written while travelling home Galsworthy noted: "The first mate is a Pole called Conrad, and is a capital chap though queer to look at; he is a man of travel and experience in many parts of the world, and has a fund of yarns on which I draw freely." This meeting convinced him to give up law and become a writer instead. Later Galsworthy helped Conrad financially. Galsworthy's first four books were published at his own expense under the pseudonym John Sinjohn.

With the death of his father in 1904, Galsworthy became financially independent. He married Ada Person Cooper in 1905, with whom he had lived in secret for ten years. She became the inspiration for many of Galsworthy's female characters. Her previous unhappy marriage with Galsworthy's cousin formed the basis for the novel THE MAN OF PROPERTY (1906), which began the novel sequence to be known as The Forsyte Saga (1906-28).

The first appearance of the Forsyte family was in one of the stories in MAN OF DEVON (1901). The saga follows the lives of three generations of the British middle-class before 1914. Central characters are Soames Forsyte, who is married to beautiful and rebellious Irene, and Jolyon Forsyte, Soames's cousin. The incident, when Soames rapes his wife Irene, was supposedly based on Ada Galsworthy's experience with his former husband Arthur. In the second part, IN CHANGERY (1920), Irene and Soames divorce, she marries Jolyon and bears a son, Jon. Soames and his second wife, Annette Lamotte, have a daughter, Fleur. In the third book, TO LET (1921), Fleur and Jon fall in love, but Jon refuses to marry her. The second part of Forsyte chronicles, containing THE WHITE MONKEY (1924), THE SILVER SPOON (1926), SWAN SONG (1928), and the two interludes 'A Silent Wooing' and 'Passers By' was published as A MODERN COMEDY in 1929. In 1931 Galsworthy followed the immense success of the Forsyte books with a further collection of stories, ON FORSYTE CHANGE.

The Man of Property established Galsworthy's reputation as an important writer. He also gained recognition as a dramatist with his plays that dealt directly with the unequal division of wealth and the unfair treatment of poor people. THE SILVER BOX (1906) stated that there is one law for the rich and another for the poor, STRIFE (prod. in 1909), depicted a mining strike, and JUSTICE (prod. in 1910) encouraged Winston Churchill in his program for prison reform. Later plays include THE SKIN GAME (1920), filmed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1932, LOYALTIES (1922), dealing with the theme of anti-Semitism, later produced for television, and ESCAPE (1926), filmed second time in 1948 by 20th. Century-Fox, starring Rex Harrison. In the story a law-abiding man meets a prostitute and accidentally kills a police in defending her. He escapes from prison, and meets different people before giving himself up.

GIRL   You don't like women, that's clear.
MATT   Not too much.
GIRL (smiling)   You speak your mind, anyway.
MATT   If you ask me, they've got such a lot vice about 'em compared with horses.
GIRL   And who puts vice into them?
MATT   I know - you all say men, but d'you believe it?
GIRL (with laugh)   Well, I don't know. Don't men put vice into horses?
(from Escape)

Galsworthy refused a knighthood in 1917 in the belief that writers should not accept titles. He also gave away at least half of his income to humanitarian causes. In 1924 Galsworthy founded with Catherine Dawson Scott PEN, an international organization of writers. The trust fund was financed by his Nobel Prize money. The organization was named PEN when someone pointed out at the first meeting that the initial letters on Poet, Essayist and Novelist were the same in most European languages.

Galsworthy died on January 31, 1933. During his career Galsworthy produced 20 novels, 27 plays, 3 collections of poetry, 173 short stories, 5 collections of essays, 700 letters, and many sketches and miscellaneous works. After his death his reputation declined, and his works were heavily attacked by D.H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf. - The younger generation of writers accused Galsworthy of being thoroughly embodied the values he was supposed to be criticizing. On the other hand, his influence is seen in the works of Thomas Mann, and he was widely read in France and in Russia.

For further reading: The Life and Letters of John Galsworthy by H.V. Marrot (1935); John Galsworthy by V. Dupont (1942); John Galsworthy by R.H. Mottram (1953); The Man of Principal by D. Baker (1963); John Galsworthy by N. Croman (1970); John Galsworthy by C. Dupré (1976); John Galsworthy as Dramatic Artist by R.H. Cotes (1978); John Galsworthy by A. Frechet (1982); The Language and Style of John Galsworthy by F.A. Mooty (1982); John Galsworthy's Life and Art by J. Gindin (1987); John Galsworthy by S.V. Sternlicht (1987)

• FROM THE FOUR WINDS, 1897 (as John Sinjohn)
• JOCELYN, 1898 (as John Sinjohn)
• VILLA RUBEIN, 1900 (as John Sinjohn)
• A MAN OF DEVON, 1901 (as John Sinjohn)
• THE ISLAND PHARISEES, 1904
• THE SILVER BOX, 1906
• THE FORSYTE SAGA, 1906-21 - THE MAN OF PROPERTY, 1906; IN CHANCERY, 1920; AWAKENING, 1920; TO LET, 1921 - film That Forsyte Woman (1949), dir. by Compton Bennett; highly popular television drama in 26 parts was made in 1967, and influenced novelizations of the 1970s. Adaptor Lennox Philips, dir. by James Cellan Jones, David Giles.
• THE COUNTRY HOUSE, 1907
• A COMMENTARY, 1908
• FRATERNITY, 1909
• THE SILVER BOX, 1909
• A JUSTIFICATION FOR THE CENSORSHIP OF PLAYS, 1909
• STRIFE, 1909
• FRATERNITY, 1909
• JOY, 1909
• JUSTICE, 1910
• A MOTLEY, 1910
• THE SPIRIT OF PUNISHEMENT, 1910
• HORSES IN MINES, 1910
• THE PATRICIAN, 1911
• THE LITTLE DREAM, 1911
• THE PIGEON, 1912
• THE ELDEST SON, 1912
• MOODS, SONGS, AND DOGGERELS, 1912
• FOR LOVE OF BEASTS, 1912
• THE INN OF TRANQUILLITY, 1912
• THE DARK FLOWER, 1913
• THE FUGITIVE, 1913
• THE MOB, 1914
• THE FREELANDS, 1915
• THE LITTLE MAN, 1915
• A BIT'S LOVE, 1915
• A SHEAF, 1916
• BEYOND, 1917
• FIVE TALES, 1918
• A SAINT'S PROGRESS, 1919
• ADDRESSES IN AMERICA, 1912
• THE FOUNDATIONS, 1920
• IN CHANCRY, 1920
• AWAKENING, 1920
• THE SKIN GAME, 1920 - film 1932, written and dir. by Alfred Hitchcock
• TO LET, 1920
• A FAMILY MAN, 1922
• THE LITTLE MAN, 1922
• LOYALTIES, 1922
• WINDOWS, 1922
• CAPTURES, 1923
• ABRACADABRA, 1924
• THE FOREST, 1924
• OLD ENGLISH, 1924
• THE SHOW, 1925
• ESCAPE, 1926 - film 1930; film 1948, dir. by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, starring Rex Harrison, Peggy Cummings, William Hartnell, screenplay by Philip Dunne
• VERSES NEW AND OLD, 1926
• CASTLES IN SPAIN, 1927
• A MODERN COMEDY, 1924-1928 - THE WHITE MONKEY, 1924 - THE SILVER SPOON, 1926 - SWAN SONG, 1928
• TWO FORSYTE INTERLUDES, 1927
• (Collection) the MANATON EDITION, 1923-26 (30 vols.)
• EXILED, 1929
• THE ROOF, 1929
• ON FORSYTE CHANGE, 1930
• TWO ESSAYS ON CONRAD, 1930
• SOAMES AND THE FLAG, 1930
• THE CREATION OF CHARACTER IN LITERATURE, 1931
• MAID IN WAITING, 1931
• FORTY POEMS, 1932
• FLOWERING WILDERNESS, 1932
• OVER THE RIVER, 1933
• AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL LETTERS OF GALSWORTHY: A CORRESPONDENCE WITH FRANK HARRIS, 1933
• (Collection) THE GROVE EDITION, 1927-34 (27 vols.)
• COLLECTED POEMS, 1934
• END OF THE CHAPTER (trilogy), 1934
• PUNCH AND GO, 1935
• THE LIFE AND LETTERS, 1935
• THE WINTER GARDEN, 1935
• FORSYTES, PENDYCES AND OTHERS, 1935
• END OF THE CHAPTER, 1935
• SELECTED SHORT STORIES, 1935
• GLIMPSES AND REFLECTIONS, 1937
• GALSWORTHY'S LETTERS TO LEON LION, 1968
• LETTERS FROM JOHN GALSWORTHY 1900-1932, 1970