Prolific American novelist and short story writer, whose works deal romantically with the overwhelming power of nature and the struggle for survival. London's identification with the wilderness makes him the antecedent of the Green movement. His left-wing philosophy is seen in the class struggle novel THE IRON HEEL (1908). JOHN BARLEYCORN, which describes the London's drinking bouts, connects him with such authors as Charles Bukowski and Jack Kerouac. On the other hand, London's views about the superiority of white people and that only the strongest deserve to survive have placed him among the ultra-right conservatives.

"Fiction pays best of all and when it is of fair quality is more easily sold. A good joke will sell quicker than a good poem, and, measured in sweat and blood, will bring better remuneration. Avoid the unhappy ending, the harsh, the brutal, the tragic, the horrible - if you care to see in print things you write. (In this connection don't do as I do, but do as I say.) Humour is the hardest to write, easiest to sell, and best rewarded... Don't write too much. Concentrate your sweat on one story, rather than dissipate it over a dozen. Don't loaf and invite inspiration; light out after it with a club, and if you don't get it you will nonetheless get something that looks remarkably like it."
(From 'Getting into Print', first published in 1903 in The Editor magazine)

Jack London was born in San Francisco. He was deserted by his father, William Henry Chaney, an itinerant astrologer, and raised in Oakland by his mother Flora Wellman, a music teacher and spiritualist, and stepfather John London, whose surname he took. London's youth was marked by poverty. At the age of ten he became an avid reader, and borrowed books from the Oakland Public Library, where Ina Coolbirth recommended to him the works of Flaubert, Tolstoy and other major novelist.

After leaving school at the age of 14, London worked as a seaman, rode in freight trains as a hobo and adopted socialist views as a member of the protest armies of the unemployed. In 1894 he was arrested in Niagara Falls and jailed for vagrancy. These years made him determined to better himself, but they also gave later material for such works as THE SEA-WOLF (1904), which was partly based on his horrific experiences as a sailor in Pacific Ocean. THE ROAD (1907), a collection of short stories, inspired later writers like John Steinbeck and Jack Kerouac.

London educated himself in public libraries, and gained admittance to the University of California at Berkeley at the age of 19. He had already started to write. London left the school before a year was over and went to seek his fortune in the Klondike gold rush of 1897. His attempt to find gold was unsuccessful. London spent the winter near Dawson City suffering from scurvy, and returned in the spring to San Francisco.

For the remainder of 1898 London again tried to earn his living by writing. His early stories appeared in the Overland Monthly and Atlantic Monthly. In 1900 he married Elisabeth (Bess) Maddern, but left her and their two daughters three years afterwards, eventually to marry Charmian Kittredge.

In 1901 London ran unsuccessfully on the Socialist party ticket for mayor of Oakland. He started to steadily produce novels, nonfiction and short stories. London had early built his system of producing a daily quota of thousand words, which he did not give up during his travels and drinking periods. London's first novel, THE SON OF THE WOLF, appeared in 1900. It gained a wide audience as his Alaska stories, THE CALL OF THE WILD (1903), in which a giant pet dog Buck finds his survival instincts in Yukon, WHITE FANG (1906), and BURNING DAYLIGHT (1910).

"There is an ecstasy that marks the summit of life, and beyond which life cannot rise. And such is the paradox of living, this ecstasy comes when one is most alive, and it comes as a complete forgetfulness that one is alive. This ecstasy, this forgetfulness of living, comes to the artist, caught up and out of himself in a sheet of flame; it comes to the soldier, war-mad on a stricken field and refusing quarter; and it came to Buck leading the pack, sounding the old wolf-cry, straining after the food that was alive and that fled swiftly before him through the moonlight."
(from The Call of the Wild)

In 1902 London went to England, where he studied the dark side of the British Empire: the living conditions in East End and working class areas of the capital city. His report about the economic degradation of the poor, THE PEOPLE OF THE ABYSS (1903), was a surprise success in the U.S. but criticized in England. In the middle of bitter separation in 1904, London travelled to Korea as a correspondent for Hearst's newspapers to cover the war between Russia and Japan (1904-05). Next year he published his first collection of non-fiction pieces, THE WAR OF THE CLASSES, which included his lectures on socialism. In 1907 London and Charmian began a sailing trip around the world aboard the Snark. After hardships they aborted the journey in Australia. London's financial affairs were in chaos, and he began to buy plots from a struggling writer, Sinclair Lewis, to produce more articles and stories for sale.

London had purchased in 1910 a large tract of land near Glen Ellen in Sonoma County, and devoted his energy and money improving and enlarging his Beauty Ranch. He also travelled widely and reported on the Mexican revolution. In 1913 London's Beauty Ranch burned to the ground, and his doctor told him that his kidneys were failing.

Among London's major works are The Sea-Wolf (1904), remembered from its Nietzschean hero, visionary fantasy The Iron Heel (1908), which became very popular in the Soviet Union, THE CRUISE OF THE SNARK (1911), a travel book from his journeys in South Pacific, and semi-autobiographical MARTIN EDEN (1909), London's most ambitious novel. The protagonist, Eden, is uneducated, rough outsider, who aspires to money and status through writing. He is drawn to Ruth Morse, a woman who has everything he thinks he wants a wife to have - beauty, charm, wealth. Eden gains success, but becomes disillusioned over his good fortune, and commits suicide.

A few months before his death London resigned from the Socialist Party. Debts, alcoholism, illness, and fear of losing his creativity darkened the author's last years. He died on November 22, 1916, officially of gastro-intestinal uraemia. However, there has been speculations that London committed suicide with morphine, but the two vials which were found did not contained the doses acquired for a suicide - especially for someone who was trained to take morphine against suffering.

London's literary models: Kipling, Stevenson. He was also influenced by the theories of Darwin, Spencer, Marx and Nietzsche. Several of London's works depict the attempts of the capitalist class, trying to establish a fascist oligarchy, and the proletariat fighting for socialism. In his later years London was interested in the work of Carl Jung. - Literary "successor": Upton Sinclair. His influence has been considerable on such writers as Ernest Hemingway, Jack Kerouac, and Robert Ruark.

For further reading: Jack London: A Life by Alex Kershaw (1997); Jack London: A Life of Adventure by R. Bains (1992); Jack London by A. Schroeder (1992); Jack London by J. Lundquist (1987); Jack London by G. Beauchamp (1984); The Novels of Jack London by C.N. Watson Jr. (1983); Critical Essays on Jack London, ed. by Tavernier-Crobin (1983); Jack London: An American Myth by J. Perry (1981), Jack: A Biography of Jack London by A Sinclair (1977); Jack London: The Man, the Writer, the Rebel by R. Baltrop (1976); Jack London: A Bibliography by H.C. Woodbridge (1973); The Fiction of Jack London, ed. by D.L. Walker (1972); Jack London by E. Labor (1974); Jack London and the Klondike by F. Walker (1966); Jack London by O'Connor (1964); Jack London and his Times by Joan London (1938); The Book of Jack London by Charmian Kitterige London (1921, 2 vols.)

• THE SON OF THE WOLF, 1900
• THE GOD OF HIS FATHER, 1901
• CHILDREN OF THE FROST, 1902
• A DAUGHTER OF THE SNOWS, 1902
• THE CRUISE OF THE DAZZLER, 1902
• THE KEMPTON-WACE LETTERS, 1903 (with A. Strunsky)
• CALL OF THE WILD, 1903 - film 1935, dir. by William Wellman
• THE PEOPLE OF THE ABYSS, 1903
• THE SEA WOLF, 1904 - several film adaptations: 1941, dir. by Michael Cirtiz; 1971, dir. by Wolfgang Staudte
• THE FAITH OF MEN, 1904
• WHITE FANG, 1905 - film 1974, dir, by Lucio Fulci
• THE WAR OF THE CLASSES, 1905
• THE GREAT INTERROGATION, 1905
• THE GANG, 1905
• TALES OF THE FISH PATROL, 1905
• MOON-FACE, 1906
• LOVE OF LIFE, 1906
• THE APOSTATE: A PARABLE OF CHILD LABOR, 1906
• SCORN OF WOMEN, 1906
• THE ROAD, 1907
• WHITE FANG, 1907
• BEFORE ADAM, 1907
• THE IRON HEEL, 1908 - film 1919, dir. by Vladimir Gardin
• MARTIN EDEN, 1909 - film 1918, dir. by Nikandr Turkin, script by Vladimir Mayakovsky (also in main role)
• BURNING DAYLIGHT, 1910
• LOST FACE, 1910
• THEFT, 1910
• REVOLUTION, 1910
• THE CRUISE OF THE SNARK, 1911
• WHEN GODS LAUGH, 1911
• THE SOUTH SEA TALES, 1911
• THE STRENGHT OF THE STRONG, 1911
• ADVENTURE, 1911
• THE HOUSE OF PRIDE, 1912
• A SON OF THE SUN, 1912
• THE DREAM OF THE DEBS, 1912
• SMOKE BELLEW, 1912 (rev. ed. 1940)
• JOHN BARLEYCORN, 1913
• THE VALLEY OF THE MOON, 1913
• THE NIGHT-BORN, 1913
• THE ABYSMAL BRUTE, 1913
• MUTINY OF THE ELSINORE, 1914
• THE STRENGHT OF THE STRONG, 1914
• THE STAR ROVER, 1915
• THE SCARLET PLAGUE, 1915
• THE LITTLE LADY OF THE BIG HOUSE, 1916
• THE TURTLES OF TASMAN, 1916
• THE ACORN-PLANTER, 1916
• THE HUMAN DRIFT, 1917
• JERRY OF THE ISLANDS, 1917
• HEARTS OF THREE, 1918
• THE RED ONE, 1918
• ON THE MAKALOA MAT, 1919
• DUTCH COURAGE, 1922
• LETTERS FROM JACK LONDON, 1965
• JACK LONDON'S REPORTS, 1970
• DAUGHTERS OF THE RICH, 1971
• JACK LONDON'S ARTICLES AND SHORT STORIES FOR THE (OAKLAND) HIGH SCHOOL AEGIS, 1971
• GOLD, 1972
• CURIOUS FRAGMENTS: JACK LONDON'S TALES OF FANTASY FICTION, 1975
• NO MENTOR BUT MYSELF, 1979
• SELECTED SCIENCE FICTION AND FANTASY STORIES, 1978
• NOVELS AND STORIES, 1982
• NOVELS AND SOCIAL WRITINGS, 1982
• THE LETTERS OF JACK LONDON, 1988 (3 vols.)